Kidney disease can affect your body’s ability to clean and filter excess water out of your blood, and control your blood pressure. When one or both of your kidneys are damaged, waste products and fluid can build up in your body. This can cause swelling in your ankles, vomiting, weakness, poor sleep, and shortness of breath. Without treatment, the damage can get worse, and your kidneys may eventually stop working. This can lead to serious problems and can even become life-threatening. (WebMd.com)
The objective of this post is to provide insight into the prevalence of kidney disease in Puerto Rico. This type of information can be useful for institutional strategies and activities such as: allocating human or economic resources, developing scientific hypotheses for continued research into the disease’s etiology or risk factors or the development of marketing strategies.
In an effort to survey many types of social, demographic, disease and behavioral outcomes in the United States and its associated territories, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) runs numerous population-based surveys. The information used to estimate kidney disease prevalence in this article came from the latest available data from a population-based survey regularly administered by the CDC known as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS). Kidney disease prevalence is surveyed by the BRFSS using the following question: Has a doctor, nurse, or other health professional ever told you that you have kidney disease?
The complete methodology used to conduct the analyses shown in this post can be found here.
The following statistical remarks highlight the most meaningful differences among a selected group of demographic variables based on a logistic regression model. We encourage you to refer to the graphs and tables below for a more in-depth look at the kidney disease prevalence in Puerto Rico.
An estimated 99,381 (3.55%) adults in Puerto Rico had kidney disease in 2016. When evaluating kidney disease by age group, adults in the 25-34 group had a 86% lower likelihood of reporting having kidney disease than the 18-24 group. This difference was significant (p-value \(<\) 0.05). Among adults, females had a 30% lower likelihood of reporting having kidney disease compared to males. This difference was not significant (p-value \(>\) 0.05). In term of education level, the group college graduate had a 41% higher likelihood of reporting having kidney disease than the reference group (those who completed only some high school). This difference was not significant (p-value \(>\) 0.05). Those with an annual income of $50+k had a 62% lower likelihood of reporting kidney disease than those whose annual income was less than $14,999. This difference was not significant (p-value \(>\) 0.05). Those who were in the never married group had a 57% lower likelihood of reporting having kidney disease compared to those who reported being married. This difference was not significant (p-value \(>\) 0.05). Adults who were in the a homemaker, retired, and unable to work group were 4.57, 4.45, and 8.87 times more likely, respectively, to report having kidney disease compared to those who reported being employ for wages.
Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey
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Table 1: Kidney disease prevalence among adults in Puerto Rico, 2016 | |||
Prevalence | Cases | Sample Size | |
---|---|---|---|
Adults | 3.55 (2.91-4.2) | 99,381 | 5,794 |
Table 2: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by age group, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Cases (N) | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | |||||
18-24 | 2.38 (0.00-4.89) | 8,846 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
25-34 | 0.83 (0.04-1.62) | 3,900 | 0.14 | 0.84 | 0.02 |
35-44 | 2.67 (1.31-4.02) | 12,448 | 0.45 | 0.76 | 0.29 |
45-54 | 4.33 (2.65-6.01) | 20,619 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 0.35 |
55-64 | 4.57 (2.97-6.18) | 20,022 | 0.37 | 0.80 | 0.22 |
65+ | 5.78 (4.34-7.22) | 33,546 | 0.38 | 0.85 | 0.26 |
Table 3: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by sex group, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Cases (N) | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Males | 3.56 (2.57-4.55) | 46,759 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Females | 3.53 (2.69-4.37) | 52,621 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 0.14 |
Using the adjusted odds ratio, the group college graduate had a 41% higher likelihood of reporting having kidney disease than the reference group (some high school).
This difference was not significant (p-value \(>\) 0.05)
Table 4: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by education level, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Cases (N) | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education group | |||||
Some High School | 4.49 (3.11-5.88) | 32,773 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
High School Graduate | 3.53 (2.18-4.88) | 26,525 | 1.01 | 0.30 | 0.96 |
Some Collage | 3.28 (1.96-4.59) | 23,354 | 1.33 | 0.30 | 0.35 |
College Graduate | 2.81 (1.83-3.79) | 16,729 | 1.41 | 0.34 | 0.31 |
Table 5: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by income level, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Cases (N) | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Income group | |||||
<15k | 3.96 (2.86-5.07) | 43,091 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
15k-<25k | 3.42 (2.35-4.50) | 23,421 | 1.06 | 0.24 | 0.80 |
25k-<35k | 4.91 (1.13-8.69) | 9,796 | 1.90 | 0.47 | 0.17 |
35k-<50k | 1.89 (0.32-3.45) | 2,408 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.37 |
50+k | 0.97 (0.00-2.13) | 1,266 | 0.38 | 0.69 | 0.16 |
Table 6: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by marital status, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Number | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital group | |||||
Married | 4.20 (3.06-5.34) | 44,567 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Divorced | 5.03 (3.04-7.02) | 15,337 | 1.09 | 0.28 | 0.76 |
Widowed | 5.33 (2.98-7.68) | 11,786 | 1.02 | 0.35 | 0.93 |
Separated | 6.55 (2.55-10.5) | 8,746 | 1.60 | 0.45 | 0.29 |
Never married | 1.64 (0.53-2.75) | 12,191 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.10 |
Unmarried couple | 2.09 (0.76-3.41) | 6,753 | 0.64 | 0.42 | 0.29 |
Table 7: Kidney disease prevalence among adults by employment status, 2016 | |||||
Prevalence | Cases (N) | OR | OR(SE) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employment status | |||||
Employ for Wages | 1.41 (0.68-2.14) | 10,978 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Self-employed | 1.92 (0.34-3.49) | 5,301 | 1.63 | 0.54 | 0.36 |
Out of work > 1 year | 1.54 (0.17-2.92) | 3,510 | 1.72 | 0.59 | 0.35 |
Out of work < 1 Year | 1.57 (0.00-3.82) | 1,278 | 1.72 | 0.81 | 0.50 |
A homemaker | 4.62 (2.78-6.47) | 24,815 | 4.57 | 0.48 | 0.00 |
A student | 1.87 (0.00-5.42) | 3,433 | 2.22 | 1.00 | 0.42 |
Retired | 5.66 (4.07-7.25) | 27,745 | 4.45 | 0.42 | 0.00 |
Unable to work | 10.4 (6.93-14.0) | 22,320 | 8.87 | 0.40 | 0.00 |
Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey
Note: Estimates were calculated by Outcome Project, LLC